By Lucas Zhang | 14 September 2023 | 0 Comments

Types of Phenanthroline

Several different types of phenanthroline are available on the market, which include 10-phenanthroline, o-phenanthroline, and phenanthroline monohydrate. They are all used as an alternative for testosterone. They are effective, safe, and easy to use.

1 10-phenanthroline

Earlier, phenanthroline was an important chelating bidentate ligand in coordination chemistry. However, it was not suitable for medicinal applications. Fortunately, a novel class of ionophores has been synthesized by inserting phenanthroline into cyclic or open-chain structures.

These ligands have been used to design new intercalating agents for polynucleotides. They also have been applied to oxidation-reduction indicator systems. These ionophores have been characterized by spectrometry and control experiments. This review focuses on these phenanthroline-based ligands and their coordination properties. It also discusses the applications of phenanthroline-based ligands.

The reactivity of 1,10-phenanthroline salts is dependent on its nitrogen atom's engagement in quaternization. The resulting tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II) complex is stable at pH up to 5 mol l-1 H2SO4. In addition, the formal potential of the complex is independent of the pH.

The bioactivities of the synthesized organic salts were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These salts were biologically active against all pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the salts were about the same as the starting molecular 1,10-phenanthroline. The activity of these salts increases with the length of the aliphatic alkyl chain. The length of the alkyl chain increases the steric hindrance on the aromatic ring.

One of the major advantages of the 1,10-phenanthroline hydrate is its ability to form complexes with divalent metal ions. This hydrate has poor solubility in water. On the other hand, it has excellent solubility in organic solvents.

o-phenanthroline

o-Phenanthroline is a polycyclic organic ligand that is used in coordination chemistry as a redox indicator. It is also a chelating agent that forms stable complexes with metal ions. It is a good spectrophotometric indicator for iron and silver. It also serves as an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and MMP-2. These enzymes are involved in intracellular matrix remodeling and extracellular matrix reorganisation.

o-Phenanthroline is an interesting redox indicator. It absorbs maximally at 510 nm. In addition to its redox ability, o-phenanthroline has anticancer activities and acts as an MMP inhibitor. It has also been shown to protect cells against chromosomal aberrations in streptozotocin-treated cells. It is also a promising reagent for the spectrophotometric assay of silver.

o-Phenanthroline has also been shown to inhibit carboxypeptidase and hexokinase activity. In addition to its redox activity, o-phenanthroline has been shown to bind to and reversibly bind DNA. It has also been found to inhibit JAMM-type isopeptidase. In the JAMM family, o-phenanthroline has a particularly strong affinity for the active site Zn2+ ion.

Phenanthroline is also known to be an EC 3.4.19.3 inhibitor. In the literature, it has been demonstrated to possess nuclease activity when complexed with copper. It has also been observed that o-phenanthroline can be used as a photometric indicator for iron.

phenanthroline monohydrate

Sodium phenanthroline is a tricyclic nitrogen heterocyclic compound that is available as a monohydrate and in the form of hydrate. The monohydrate form is slightly soluble in water and ethanol. It is also used as a redox indicator and spectrophotometric assay of silver. The hydrate forms a complex with zinc and iron ions and is incompatible with strong acids and oxidizers. Its main role is as a chelating agent for metal ions.

Aside from being a chelating agent, o-Phenanthroline is a general MMP inhibitor. The aforementioned compound is useful for preventing chromosomal aberrations in cells treated with streptozotocin. Other applications include enhancing proteins with K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. The same compound is also an impressive photometric reagent for iron. Its primary function is to agglomerate a red chelate with the Fe2+ ion.

Besides the fact that o-Phenanthroline has been shown to have an antiproliferative effect, it also exhibits a nuclease activity when complexed with copper. It is a classic chelating bidentate ligand for transition metal ions. Its name is derived from the nitrogen atoms in its molecular structure. The hydroxyl group of o-phenanthroline is converted into acrolein through a series of catalyzed cyclizations. A similar reaction takes place in the reverse direction. A similar compound is prepared by dehydrating glycerol and converting it into glycerol acrolein.

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1,10-Phenanthroline cas:66-71-7

1,10-Phenanthroline hydrate cas:5144-89-8

2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline cas:4733-39-5

2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline cas:484-11-7

2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-Phenanthroline Hemihydrate cas:34302-69-7

2,9-Dichloro-1,10-phenanthroline cas:29176-55-4

2-Bromo-9-phenyl-1,10-phenanthroline cas:2042493-16-1

2-Chloro-9-phenyl-1,10-phenanthroline cas:1937210-90-6

2,9-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline cas:25677-69-4

4,4'-(1,10-Phenanthroline-2,9-diyl)dianiline cas:861659-70-3

2-Chloro-1,10-phenanthroline cas:7089-68-1